Hidden Cold War Bunker Beneath Greenland's Melting Ice Reveals a Global Toxic Time Bomb
Scientists are sounding urgent alarms over a hidden Cold War threat buried deep beneath Greenland's rapidly melting ice sheet. A long-abandoned US military base known as Camp Century was recently rediscovered under the ice after a NASA pilot conducting airborne radar tests captured images of its underground remains. The base, built in secret during the Cold War, lies about 36 metres below the surface and spans roughly 1.13 kilometres long and 0.48 kilometres wide. Once described as a self-contained underground town, Camp Century housed a hospital, theater, church and shop, and was powered by a small nuclear reactor. As Greenland's ice melts at accelerating rates, scientists have warned that hazardous waste left behind at the site could eventually be released into the environment. That waste includes chemical pollutants, biological sewage, diesel fuel, and radioactive material once thought to be safely sealed in ice forever.
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Camp Century lies 36 metres below the surface and spans about 1.13 by 0.48 kilometres
Camp Century was constructed in the late 1950s with the knowledge of both the US and Danish governments under the 1951 Defense of Greenland Agreement. Danish officials participated in planning and environmental monitoring, and historical reports indicate Denmark approved the disposal of some radioactive waste directly into the ice. At the time, scientists and military planners believed Greenland's ice sheet would permanently entomb any contamination. 'That idea, that waste could be buried forever under ice, is unrealistic,' White said. 'The question is whether it's going to come out in hundreds of years, thousands of years, or tens of thousands of years. Climate change just means it's going to happen much faster than anyone expected.'
The buried town and its waste threat — diesel, PCBs and radioactive materials under melting ice
The environmental risk posed by Camp Century has taken on new urgency as geopolitical tensions in the Arctic intensify. Researchers estimate that Camp Century contains roughly 9,200 tons of physical waste, including abandoned buildings, tunnels, and rail infrastructure. The site also holds about 200,000 litres of diesel fuel and significant amounts of polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, toxic chemicals once widely used in paints and electrical equipment. PCBs are especially concerning because they do not break down easily and are linked to cancer, immune system damage, and developmental problems. The Arctic's cold climate has trapped these chemicals for decades, effectively turning the region into a global storage site for pollution released elsewhere. As ice melts, however, scientists warned that glaciers could become a new source of toxic contamination. Most former Arctic military sites have undergone cleanup efforts, but Camp Century is one of only five abandoned ice-sheet bases near Thule Air Base that have never been remediated, according to the 2016 study by the CIRES research team. Camp Century is a US military base built in 1959 that consists of a network of 21 tunnels just below the surface of the ice sheet. Pictured is the entrance to the base before it was decommissioned in 1967. At similar sites, PCB concentrations in some paints exceeded five percent by weight. In addition to chemical and biological waste, Camp Century also contains radioactive material from the nuclear reactor's coolant system. When it was buried in the early 1960s, the waste had a radioactivity of about 1.2 billion becquerels, roughly equivalent to the radiation used in a single medical scan. While small compared to major nuclear accidents, researchers cautioned that its presence adds another layer of risk if containment fails. The base's tunnel system twists and branches beneath the ice, making it difficult to fully map. Airborne radar has detected strong reflections that align with known tunnel locations, but scientists say the technology cannot yet identify all buried waste. Diesel fuel, stored in underground tanks, may still be liquid today, though researchers believe the tanks may have ruptured. Models suggest that ice flow and snow accumulation could bury solid waste as deep as 67 metres and liquid waste around 93 metres by 2090. While that means contamination may not surface for decades, scientists stressed that burial does not equal safety.
Climate change accelerates risk and triggers potential international disputes over forgotten pollution
Beyond the environmental risks, Camp Century has become a source of political and legal uncertainty. Responsibility for the cleanup remains disputed between the US, Denmark, and Greenland. While the waste was left behind by the US, the original 1951 treaty did not account for climate change or Greenland's growing self-governance. The agreement states that US property in Greenland may be removed or disposed of after consultation with Danish authorities. But it remains unclear whether Denmark was fully consulted during Camp Century's decommissioning, raising questions about whether the abandoned waste is still legally US property. Researchers said Camp Century may represent one of the first real examples of climate change triggering an international dispute over long-forgotten pollution, a preview of conflicts likely to emerge worldwide as rising seas and melting ice expose hazardous waste once thought safely buried. 'It's so strategic,' Trump told reporters aboard Air Force One on Sunday. 'Right now, Greenland is covered with Russian and Chinese ships all over the place. We need Greenland from the standpoint of national security.'
